Which of the following are types of non-litigation enforcement?

Non-litigation enforcement methods are processes used to resolve disputes without resorting to court litigation. Each of the options listed—arbitration, mediation, and settlement—falls under this category, making "All of the above" the correct choice.

Arbitration involves a neutral third party who listens to the arguments from both sides and makes a binding decision. It is typically more formal than mediation but still occurs outside of court. Mediation is a more collaborative process in which a mediator helps the parties reach a mutually agreeable solution, allowing for more flexibility and control in the resolution process. Settlement refers to an agreement reached by the parties to resolve the dispute, often before a trial or during ongoing litigation, but it can also apply in the context of negotiations outside the courtroom.

The inclusion of all these mechanisms under non-litigation enforcement highlights their role in providing alternative dispute resolution options that can save time and resources while allowing parties to find solutions that meet their needs without judicial intervention.